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BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the recent times have instilled signs of immunosuppression globally which has further precipitated increasing range of opportunistic infections. Mucormycosis is a distressing opportunistic fungal infection with a high incidence and is the third commonest acute invasive infection following candidiasis and aspergillosis. The aim of the present observational study is to delineate the enigmatic histopathological profile between mucormycosis cases seen prior to pandemic (PPM) and pandemic associated mucormycosis (PAM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue archives of 105 histopathologically diagnosed cases of mucormycosis were included and analysed for demographical details and histopathological parameters like fungal load and localization, granuloma formation, necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate and tissue invasion. RESULTS: 0ut of 105 included cases, 11/105 (10.48%) were reported PPM and 94/105 (89.52%) PAM. Among 94 cases of PAM, 51/94 (54%) cases also showed COVID-19 positivity, while 43/94 (46%) did not. Of all the histological variables, increased fungal load and necrosis were observed in PAM relative to PPM cases. CONCLUSIONS: The histopathological variables like fungal load, necrosis, granuloma formation and tissue invasion, could help the clinician in assessing the clinical status at the time of tissue diagnosis and improve the treatment accordingly.
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COVID-19 , Mucormycosis , Humans , Mucormycosis/diagnosis , Mucormycosis/drug therapy , Mucormycosis/epidemiology , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Necrosis/complications , Necrosis/epidemiology , GranulomaABSTRACT
To critically assess the performance of micro and small foodpreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur state of India, an online survey was conducted during the year 2020. The survey data was subjected to non-parametric statistical analysis using PROC NPAR1WAY and Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Ffigner multiple comparison analysis. The findings suggested that during COVID-19 pandemic, the micro and small foodpreneurs faced multifaceted challenges with respect to the number of employees, working hours, supply of raw material, selling mode, production, sale, turnover and the extent of loss, etc. The performance of different categories of foodpreneurs was compared based on the change in various performance indicators between pre-pandemic and pandemic period. The study also highlights the major problems faced by the foodpreneurs and remedial measures. This is the first report on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on foodpreneurs from North East India.
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Today the biggest problem the world is facing above all the natural disasters is the Covid-19. It's been more than a year but the solution to the issue is still at a far fetch. However, still have few ways to control the outbreak as instructed by the WHO (World Health Organization). A few among them are wearing a mask and maintaining social distance. The objective of the project is to detect face masks in a public gathering or an event. The algorithm used in the project to achieve the objective is MobileNet V2. An image of a few people wearing a mask and without wearing a mask is used as an input dataset. There are few processes involved in achieving the objective of the project that include pre-processing, data augmentation, training, testing and image segmentation. After the processes, with the help of the Mask R-CNN algorithm, will get a segmented image of the input dataset of people wearing a mask and people not wearing a mask. Then, the model is implemented using a webcam where get result of people wearing a mask and not wearing a mask along with the accuracy in percentage. In this project, developing a model that can detect people who are not wearing masks in public places. This project can be merged with real time applications at airports, railway stations, workplaces, schools, and other public places to ensure compliance with the guidelines for public safety. In the middle of the Covid-19 crisis the project focuses on achieving the guidelines provided by WHO to control the spread of Covid-19. © International Journal of Health Sciences.All right reserved.
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This paper discusses issues involved in trying to make foreign aid-funded education technology (EdTech) projects sustainable in the context of Small Island Developing States. Using two EdTech projects, the paper shares the authors’ experiences in working towards sustainability by involving local stakeholders through collaborative design and implementation processes and other strategies. The paper also highlights challenges faced and how they were overcome, such as changes in local ministry staff and restrictions on travel during the coronavirus pandemic. The strategies, lessons and recommendations shared in the paper are intended to assist other practitioners in the area and contribute to collaborative learning through sharing practitioner experiences. While designing a foreign aid-funded project that is sustainable is not easy, this paper concludes that by sharing experiences and working collaboratively with local stakeholders, project teams can develop successful strategies to enhance sustainability. © 2022
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The ultimate aim of the article is to predict COVID-19 virus inter-cellular behavioral dynamics using an infection model with a quarantine compartment. Internal viral dynamics and stability attributes are thoroughly investigated around stable equilibrium states to probe possible ways in reducing rapid spread by incorporating fractional-order components into epidemic systems. Furthermore, a fractional optimal problem was built and studied with three control measures to restrict the widespread of COVID-19 infections and exhibit perfect protection. It is found that by following
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Background:A novel corona virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 was first reported in Wu- han city of China.The spectrum of clinical presentation of COVID 19 is highly variable,infections range from being asymp- tomatic to severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure often leading to death.some patients found to be additionally infected with a secondary bacterial infection with 50% fatalities due to the COVID 19 caused by untreated or untreata- ble secondary bacterial infection in the lungs.Secondary bacterial infections develop in patients during or after initial infection. Methods:The study was conducted in Microbiology laboratory from the samples received from Government general hospital, Kurnool medical college,Kurnool.Patients were investigated for detection of secondary bacterial infection of respiratory tract using the conventional methods.Cough out sputum was collected and cultured on different media to support the growth of the bacteria. After incubation,formed colonies on the media were identified using gram staining and other biochemical tests.Antimocrobial susceptibility testing then done on isolated organisms according to standard CLSI guidelines. Results:Among 60 samples obtained, commonest organisms isolated are Staphylococcus aurues (35%), Streptococcus pneumonia (23%),Klebsiella (16%),Pseudomonas (8%),Acimetobacter (6%). Antibiotic susceptibility done in order to see multidrug resistant organisms. Conclusions:Secondary bacterial infections play a critical role in the morbidity and mortality rates of patients initially falling ill with pulmonary viral disease. Need for the study is to isolate the organism causing secondary bacterial infec- tion, there antibiotic susceptibility in order to give appropriate treatment, to avoid drug resistance and to improve the quality of life.
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Background: Sars CoV-2 a novel strain of coronavirus was first detected in december 2019 in wuhan city of china.The virus has spread globally and was characterized as pandemic by WHO.Combination of several diagnostic methods not only improve early detection of the disease but also useful in assessing the disease severity. Methods:RNA of SARSCoV-2 was extracted from NPS (NasoPharyngealSwab) samples by using Qiagen viral RNA extrac- tion kit.The RTPCR tests were performed with primers and probes targeting Rdrp gene and N gene and results were quantified as cycle threshold (ct) values.Chest CT of RTPCR positive patients was evaluated in a period from 21/07/20 to 31/07/20.The chest CT severity sore is ranged from 0-25.CT severity score 1-8 is mild, 9-15 is moderate & 16-25 is se-vere. Whereas cycle threshold (ct) value below 24 is low ct, 25-30 is moderate ct, 30-35 is high ct.High ct Value indicates low viral load and low ct value indicates high viral load. Results:Out of 240 covid positive patients,94(39.1%) were out patients who are asymptomatic,98 (40.8%) were ad- mitted in covid wards with symptoms& 48(20%) patients were admitted in covid ICU with comorbid conditions and breathlessness.The viral load was significantly high in out patients(i,e RTPCR ct value is low)with no findings on chest CT scan.Among 48 patients in covid ICU wards 19(7.9%)patients were died and in remaining 29 patients,the CT severity score is from moderate to severe(i,e9-25) with high ct value(i,e low viral load) and the CT severity score was mild to moderate(1-15) in patients admitted in covid wards with high ct value of RTPCR. Conclusions:Viral load i,e ct value of RTPCR is not significant in assessing the severity of infection but it is important in detecting the early stages of the covid19 to decrease the spread of the disease. Whereas chest CT severity score is use- ful in identifying the cases that need emergency medical treatment.
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Background:A novel corona virus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus2 (SARS -nCoV2 or COVID19) was first reported in Wuhan city of China. The spectrum of clinical presentation of COVID -19 is highly variable, infections range from being asymptomatic to severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure leading to death. There is a need for testing individuals for infection for early detection and treatment to prevent the spread of pathogen which can be achieved by polymerase chain reaction based tests like RT-PCR and Truenat. These work by detecting the presence of genetic targets from a specific pathogen.This study is to know the accuracy of COVID-19 testing by comparing the Truenat beta CoV test results with RT-PCR results in healthcare individuals in a tertiary care hospital. Methods:The study was conducted in Microbiology department, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool from 18th april 2020 to18th june 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs in VTM’S collected from healthcare individuals were send to Truenat lab [Molbio Truenat Beta CoV Test;A Chip -based real time PCR].Then positive samples of Truenat send to RT-PCR[Qiagen] for confirmation.In both, RNA extraction was done from samples and specific target genes were identified by using principle of polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among 8000 samples tested,Truenat detected 3300 COVID positive samples with sensitivity of 82.6% and speci- ficity of 96.7% compared to that of RT-PCR which is gold standard. Conclusions:Molbio Truenat Beta CoV Virus Testing Kits were approved for COVID-19 testing by ICMR during the epi- demic April 2020 which is economical,portable,doesn’t require processing of samples in Biosafety cabinet 2,doesn’t re- quire expertise. Its sensitivity and specifity are 82.6% and 96.7% compared to that of RT-PCR can be used as a point-care of testing, as a screening test followed by confirmation with RT-PCR which is gold standard
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Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought major changes in people's lifestyle, especially in health care workers. Healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients are spending long hours wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). There are reports of adverse skin reactions secondary to wearing PPE, especially face masks. However, it is essential to wear the protective equipment. Aim: To assess the proportion of doctors who report adverse skin reaction after the use of face masks and enlist the skin reactions reported. And to study the relationship between certain suspected factors and occurrence of skin reactions. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a questionnaire containing both open and closed ended questions which was distributed through online platform. The questionnaire contained details on the type of mask, duration of usage, frequency of change and dermatological manifestations experienced. Sample population constituted doctors who were willing to participate in the study. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for analysis of data. Results: The male to female ratio among the 220 doctors studied was 1:1.59. Maximum number of doctors (56.4%) wore N95 masks. 33.63% of them used one new mask every day. 60.90% of them used the mask for more than 6 hours continuously on a day. Acne was the most commonly reported problem accounting for 48.2%. Doctors using N95 masks reported acne more commonly. Conclusion: N95 masks were the most commonly used masks. Total 88.18% of the doctors reported cutaneous manifestations. Acne was the most common dermatological problem reported. It was associated with the use of N95 masks and longer duration of use of N95 masks.
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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged from a city in China and has now spread as a global pandemic affecting millions of individuals. The causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, is being extensively studied in terms of its genetic epidemiology using genomic approaches. Andhra Pradesh is one of the major states of India with the third-largest number of COVID-19 cases with limited understanding of its genetic epidemiology. In this study, we have sequenced 293 SARS-CoV-2 genome isolates from Andhra Pradesh with a mean coverage of 13,324X. We identified 564 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 variants. A total of 18 variants mapped to RT-PCR primer/probe sites, and 4 variants are known to be associated with an increase in infectivity. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomes revealed the circulating SARS-CoV-2 in Andhra Pradesh majorly clustered under the clade A2a (20A, 20B and 20C) (94%), while 6% fall under the I/A3i clade, a clade previously defined to be present in large numbers in India. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic epidemiological analysis performed for the state of Andhra Pradesh. © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
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Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 presents an important and urgent threat to global health. 190 countries with more than 300 000 confirmed cases and 14 510 deaths1. This critical situation, health care workers on the front line who are directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 are at risk of developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms and transmission between people through close contact and droplets2-3. Method: Descriptive correlation survey design was to assess psychological impacts, hand hygiene practices & and its correlates in view of covid-19. Probability Stratified cluster staging sampling techniques were used to select 320 health care professionals. Result: The findings revealed that the effect of noval coronavirus covid-19 among health care professionals 43.8% had mild fear, 45.9% moderate fear, and 10.3% a severe fear, and their mean value (14.58), S.D (6.96) and the variance was 48.54. Level of mild perceived stress was 46.87%, moderate perceived stress was 44.06% and 9.06% had severe perceived stress their mean value (14.417), S.D (7.09) and variance was (50.38).Researcher is also assessing the level of practice was 94.37% had good practice, 5.62% had weak practice their mean value (18.22), S.D (3.15) and variance was (9.92) regarding the prevention of novel coronavirus covid-19 among Health care professionals. The correlation between fear and perceived stress was intermediate correlation, fear and practice had weak positive correlation and in between perceived stress and practice was showing weak positive but nearly close to no correlation. Fear was significantly associated with workplace was, perceived stress was significantly associated with Gender, No. of family members was statistically significant at P<0.05. Conclusion: Novel coronavirus covid-19 was affecting their psychological factors among health care professionals those are working in hospitals.
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Data visualization is an arrangement that presents data in manners that enable the utilization of human subjective and visual capacities. It is the method used to convert crude information into some visual structure. It uses designs and visuals to help with the psychological burden of comprehending big data. The burden put on general well-being because of the coronavirus is exacerbated by the ceaseless rise of new strains and unanswered inquiries concerning viral spread inside the host. Observations regarding the course of coronaviruses in people have been step by step expanded and extended to numerous regions worldwide. These observation programs have created an enormous amount of genomic information regarding coronaviruses, which encourages the investigation of the infection by computational strategies that are proficient and cost effective. The main focus of this chapter is the development of visualization techniques to comprehend the advancement of coronaviruses. The strategies depend on unaided dimensional decrease methods, which can be applied to every individual genome fragment or to the total genome succession of the infection. These strategies are a takeoff from the customary phylogenetic tree development worldview in light of the fact that an exceptionally enormous number of high-dimensional info arrangements can be prepared and results are seen legitimately in an a few-dimensional Euclidean space. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an exceptionally contagious and pathogenic viral disease brought about by the SARS-CoV-2 infection that was first detailed at Wuhan, China, and later it spreads everywhere throughout the world. It was a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like virus, and the primary host of this virus is bats, revealed through genome analysis. The intermediate medium between human and bats is still unknown, and it is quite contagious, resulting in rapid spreading of this disease. All things considered, there are no clinically endorsed medications or antibodies for this sickness, yet a few precautions and staying away from close contacts are suggested. The number of COVD-19 confirmed cases is rapidly increasing with higher mortality rates, more than other epidemics that occurred in the last century although it still fluctuates. We will analyze the COVID-19 outbreak situation considering confirmed cases, recoveries, mortality rate percentages, etc. India and Bangladesh are two geographically important countries, and we will also analyze the COVID-19 situation for these two countries either with similarities or differences. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.